🃏 Expansion
警告
Work in progress!
Global expansion is the operation that expands a wildcard pattern into the list of pathnames matching the pattern. A glob is a short expression that lets you filter files by their name 99% of the time, there’s an asterisk involved.
ls ~/**/*.txt # <- THIS IS A GLOB
Globbing TL;DR
info
- Global expansion requires
extended_glob,dot_glob, and related options to be enabled, this will treat the#,~,^, and more characters as part of patterns for filename generation, etc. - Bash won't match a
.at the start of the name or a slash, to use matching with.and/use thedot_globoption.
Enable the extended_glob option in Zsh:
setopt extended_glob
Enable the dot_glob option in Zsh:
setopt dot_glob
Enable dot_glob with bash:
shopt -s dot_glob
Common Characters
| Character | Description |
|---|---|
(#q) | An explicit glob qualifier that makes globbing work within zsh's [[ ]] construct |
(N) | Makes the glob pattern evaluate to nothing when it doesn't match (rather than throw a globbing error) |
(.) | Matches "regular files" |
(mh+24) | Matches files, directories, etc., that are older than 24 hours |
(#s) or (#e) | ^ and $ are in regular expression (beginning of line or end of the line) |
(#b) or (#m) | Enable back-references |
(#i) | Match case insensitive |
(#a) | Match approximately (certain errors are ignored, e.g.: (#a1)foo* matches the string ofobar) |
Common Patterns
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
ls *(.) | List just regular files |
ls -ld *(/om[1,3]) | Show three newest directories, "om" orders by modification. "[1,3]" works like Python slice |
rm -i *(.L0) | Remove zero length files, prompt for each file |
ls *(^m0) | Files not modified today |
ls **/*(.x) | List all executable files in this tree |
ls *~*.*(.) | List all files that does not have a dot in the filename |
ls -l */**(Lk+100) | List all files larger than 100kb in this tree |
ls DATA_[0-9](#c4,7).csv | List DATA_nnnn.csv to DATA_nnnnnnn.csv |
ls *(<tab> | Use tab completion to get help regarding globbing |
rm ../debianpackage(.) | Remove files only |
ls -d *(/) | List directories only |
ls /etc/*(@) | List symlinks only |
ls -l *.(png❘jpg❘gif) | List pictures only |
ls *(*) | List executables only |
ls /etc/**/zsh | Which directories contain zsh? |
ls **/*(-@) | List dangling symlinks (** recurses down directory trees) |
ls foo*~*bar* | Match everything that starts with foo but doesn't contain bar |
ls *(e:'file $REPLY ❘ grep -q JPEG':) | Match all files of which file says that they are JPEGs |
ls -ldrt -- *(mm+15) | List all files older than 15mins |
ls -ldrt -- *(.mm+15) | List just regular files |
ls -ld /my/path/**/*(D@-^@) | List the unbroken symlinks under a directory |
ls -Lldrt -- *(-mm+15) | List the age of the pointed-to file for symlinks |
ls -l **/README | Search for README in all Subdirectories |
ls -l foo<23-> | List files beginning at foo23 upwards (foo23, foo24, foo25, ..) |
ls -l 200406{04..10}*(N) | List all files that begin with the date strings from June 4 through June 9 of 2004 |
ls -l 200406<4-10>.* | List will match the form of 200406XX |
ls -l *.(c❘h) | Show only all *.c and *.h files |
ls -l *(R) | Show only world-readable files |
ls -fld *(OL) | Sort the output from ls -l by file size |
ls -fl *(DOL[1,5]) | Print only 5 lines by the ls command (is equal to: ls -laS ❘ head -n 5) |
ls -l *(G[users]) | Show only files are owned from group users |
ls *(L0f.go-w.) | Show only empty files which nor group or world writable |
ls *.c~foo.c | Show only all *.c files and ignore foo.c |
print -rl /home/me/**/*(D/e{'reply=($REPLY/*(N[-1]:t))'}) | Find all directories, list their contents, and output the first item in the above list |
print -rl /**/*~^*/path(|/*) | Find command to search for directory name instead of basename |
print -l ~/*(ND.^w) | List files in the current directory that are not writable by the owner |
print -rl -- *(Dmh+10^/) | List all files which have not been updated in the last 10 hours |
print -rl -- **/*(Dom[1,10]) | List the ten newest files in directories and subdirectories (recursive) |
print -rl -- /path/to/dir/**/*(D.om[5,10]) | Display the 5-10 last modified files |
print -rl -- **/*.c(D.OL[1,10]:h) ❘ sort -u | Print the path of the directories holding the ten biggest C regular files in the current directory and subdirectories |
print directory/**/*(om[1]) | Find most recent file in a directory |
for a in ./**/*\ *(Dod); do mv $a ${a:h}/${a:t:gs/ /_}; done | Remove spaces from filenames |